HOME / pnnl s sodium battery research seeks to enhance affordable energy
Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries are a promising energy storage technology for a number of applications, particularly those requiring high-power responses [11,21]. It is composed of a sodium-negative electrode, a sulfur cathode, and a beta-alumina solid electrolyte that produces sodium pentasulfide during the discharge reaction .
Lifetime is claimed to be 15 year or 4500 cycles and the efficiency is around 85%. Sodium sulfur batteries have one of the fastest response times, with a startup speed of 1 ms. The sodium sulfur battery has a high energy density and long cycle life. There are programmes underway to develop lower temperature sodium sulfur batteries.
Utility-scale sodium–sulfur batteries are manufactured by only one company, NGK Insulators Limited (Nagoya, Japan), which currently has an annual production capacity of 90 MW . The sodium sulfur battery is a high-temperature battery. It operates at 300°C and utilizes a solid electrolyte, making it unique among the common secondary cells.
The substances used in the structure of this battery are harmful to health. Sodium–sulfur batteries provide high energy density of 110 Wh/kg and power density of 150 W/kg . Parts and general appearance of a typical sodium–sulfur battery are given in Fig. 5.12.
Moreover, new developments in sodium battery materials have enabled the adoption of high-voltage and high-capacity cathodes free of rare earth elements such as Li, Co, Ni, ofering pathways for low-cost NIBs that match their lithium coun-terparts in energy density while serving the needs for large-scale grid energy storage.
As such, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have been touted as an attractive storage technology due to their elemental abundance, promising electrochemical performance and environmentally benign nature.
Sodium ion batteries (NIBs) and its development shows great promise for grid energy storage applications as an alternative to conventional lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Metrics of energy density, cost, and lifetime are compared across various battery chemistries, where NIBs are surmised as front runners to meet the needs of the grid storage market.
This technology strategy assessment on sodium batteries, released as part of the Long-Duration Storage Shot, contains the findings from the Storage Innovations (SI) 2030 strategic initiative.
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